Further, as the serum proteome includes proteins secreted from not only blood cells but also proximal organs, it provides a more general characterization of immune proteins. Proteomics holds particular promise for illuminating the immune factors involved in bat responses to infection, because it can accommodate especially low sample volumes (e.g., sera) and thus can be applied to both large and small bat species as well as in longitudinal studies where lethal sampling is necessarily limited. ![]() Yet our understanding of the immune mechanisms of viral tolerance is restricted to a small number of bat–virus relationships and remains poor for coronaviruses (CoVs), despite their relevance to human health. The apparent ability of bats to harbor many virulent viruses without showing disease is likely driven by distinct immune responses that coevolved with mammalian flight and the exceptional longevity of this order. ![]() 7Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Charleston, SC, United States.6Department of Mammalogy, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, United States.5Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.4Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, United States. ![]() 3 Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC, United States.2Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States.1Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States.
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